Although the anthocyanins present in TC have received the highest degree of interest to date, it is possible that the bioactive properties of TC arise from the interaction of the various polyphenols present in this fruit, which may act synergistically in modulating various molecular pathways ( 14). Collectively this results in a high total polyphenol content, on average 352 mg of total polyphenols per 100 g of fresh weight (fw) ( 12) and a greatly diversified profile that includes kaempferol, quercetin, cathechins, epicathechins, proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins ( 13). The plant is rich in phenolic compounds which have become the focus of interest for consumers and researchers since these compounds are considered to confer their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties ( 6– 10).Īt least 24 anthocyanins, 12 phenolic acids, 17 flavanols, and 18 flavones have been identified in tart cherries ( 11). The macro- and micro-nutrient and phytochemical content of TC is compared to other common berry fruits in Table 1 ( 3, 5). There are a wide range of vitamins in TC and a noticeably high level of vitamin A. Tart cherries are considered a good source of potassium other minerals exist in low concentrations in the fruit. All essential amino acids can be found in TC with an additional high level of melatonin in the Montmorency cultivar ( 3, 4). The main sugar in cherries is glucose with no starch present ( 3) and malic acid at 600–900 mg/100 grams of fresh weight is the dominant organic acid ( 2). Water and carbohydrates are the major constituents of the fruit. In general, the level of soluble solids increases as the fruit matures, whereas titratable acidity declines ( 2). The chemical composition of TC can be affected by many parameters such as cultivar, maturation stage, agricultural practices, and environmental conditions. Tart cherries (TC) are part of the Prunus species and are predominantly cultivated from the Montmorency cultivar ( 1). In addition to analysis and reporting of total polyphenol content, specific analytical methods such as HPLC UV/MS should be used to quantify total and individual anthocyanin contents. Future studies should conduct an analysis of the study supplement batch. Due to the variety of specific and non-specific analytical methods used, the relative efficacy of different doses and polyphenol blends cannot reliably be extrapolated from critical analysis of the literature. The duration of the supplementation protocol ranged from acute supplementation to 84 days, meanwhile the total polyphenol and anthocyanin dose ranged from 143 to 2,140 mg/day and 15 to 547 mg/day, respectively. Seventeen studies reported the TC supplement polyphenol content but this was derived from previously published studies and presumably different supplement batches. Six studies did not report the polyphenol content of the TC supplement used. Twenty studies conducted an analysis of TC supplement and reported total polyphenol/anthocyanin content. The studies investigated the effects of TC supplementation on various aspects of human health, exercise recovery and performance and sleep. Forty-three studies were identified as eligible and included for analysis in this review. Only articles written in English that provided a TC dietary supplement as opposed to fresh whole TC were included in this review. A literature search was conducted using PubMed/Medline and Web of Science up to May 4th, 2020, including studies published in all years prior. This review critically analyses the supplementation protocols and the analytical methods used for the characterization of TC supplements, culminating in recommendations for good practice in the analysis and reporting of the polyphenol content and profile of TC products. Specific and non-specific analytical methods were employed for measuring the total polyphenol and anthocyanin content in TC supplements. Supplementation protocols have been highly variable across studies and the dose of bioactive compounds used has often been poorly characterized. As a consequence, the effects of TC derived supplements on markers of human health, exercise performance and sleep have been investigated. Tart cherries (TC) are a rich source of polyphenols that elicit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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